Introduction:
The Jain community like other communities throughout the world celebrates many social and religious functions annually. The superb Jain festival popularly known as ‘Paryushan Parva’ organized every year in the auspicious month ‘Bhadrapad’ (Mid-August to Mid-September) of the Hindu calendar extends from the fifth day to fourteenth day of the bright fortnight. The festival ordains the Jains to observe the ten universal supreme virtues in daily practical life.
Paryushan Parva I bow to the Arahants, the perfected human beings.
Paryushan Parva I bow to the Arahants, the perfected human beings.
- I bow to the Siddhas, liberated bodiless souls.
- I bow to the Acharyas, the masters and heads of congregations.
- I bow to the Upadhyayas, the spiritual teachers.
- I bow to the spiritual practitioners in the universe,Sadhus.
Besides assuring a blissful existence in this world and the other world for every living being, it aims at the attainment of salvation - the supreme ideal for mundane soul. The non-Jains also express high reverence for this Jain festival.
All members of Jain community- high and low, young and old, and males and females, participate with full vigor and zeal in the various religious rituals and cultural programs. They listen with rapt attention to the holy sermons of the saints and learned Jain scholars arranged during the ten-day festival.
In these celebrations lie dormant the seeds of the well being, peace and happiness of the common man. On the eve of this festival all activities, which add to social discord or bitterness are declared taboo from the temple pulpits. These celebrations harbinger social harmony and amity and preach the lofty Jain motto ‘Live and Let live’..
Paryushan Legends:
Since times immemorial the living beings have fallen prey to the bewitching worldly allurements. They are involved day and night in such a poisonous environment of lustful desires and sensuous pleasures that despite being cautioned time and again, they fail to rid themselves from the bondage of the net work of worldly illusions.
Jain Acharyas have, through their sermons and ideal moral code of conduct inspired the mundane souls to keep aloof from the blemishes of the world, which breed nothing but sorrow and misery for the mankind. But the insatiable ambition of man for sensuous pleasures, material comforts and luxurious life has always allured him since antiquity. Consequently man has bitterly failed to make distinction between self and non-self, and to understand the real nature of soul.
This festival has its own age-old history, but nothing definite can be said about its origin and since when it is being celebrated. In fact, the celebration of this festival is beyond the scope of known history.
The truth is that spiritual matters like self-purification and renunciation cannot be measured by Time scale. When the auspicious month of Bhadrapad comes every year, the whole Jain community celebrates this festival unitedly without any difference of high and low, rich and poor.
The Digambaras and the Swaitamberas, both sects of Jain community celebrate the self-uplifting festival with great enthusiasm. The fifth day of the bright fortnight of the holy month of ‘Bhadrapad’ is auspicious for both.
The Digambaras celebrate this festival annually for ten days, from the fifth day to the fourteenth day of the bright half of the month. Whereas the Swaitamberas celebrate it only for eight days, and the fifth day is the main day of their celebrations held under the title ‘Samvatsari Parva’.
Paryushan
References about the celebrations of ‘Paryushan Parva’ or Dash Lakhan Parva are available here and there in ancient literary books as well; which show that it has been a popular festival since ages. The householders celebrate it jointly suspending all their business, agricultural and commercial activities for the time being. A fine description of the closing ceremony of this festival is available in the ‘Bhattarak’ era extending from 1350 AD to 1450 AD. In that age the house-holders got manuscript copies of the prominent holy books prepared by the scholars, and offered these to the ‘Bhattaraks’ and their disciples with due devotion at the end of ceremonies.
Paryushan Even today ‘Dash Lakshan Parva’ is the most suitable occasion for giving donationscharities; and on the last day of the festival the house-holders observe full day fast and make every attempt to donate to religious and social institutions in cash or kind some thing within their capacity. Very often the Jain scholars’ viz. poets and writers get their literary works initiated during the festival days and thus pay their homage to this grand festival.
Similar to the modern age, the Dash Lakshan Parva was celebrated with great zeal and joy thousands of years ago as well; austerities viz. self-meditation, doing penance, fasting and study of Holy Scriptures were performed during that period. The householders purged their soul by keeping fast on the last day of the ceremonies and celebrated the closing ceremony with great pomp and show. When the ten day celebrations are over, this festival leaves behind deep impress on the mind and heart of every Jain - young and old.
All Jains - Digambers and Swaitambers will celebrate this sacred festival forever throughout India and abroad. The former appear to have the best pretensions to antiquity and cultural heritage and to have been most widely diffused; the later have only as yet been traced as far back as 5th century AD. The former are almost certainly the same as Nirgrantha, who are referred to in numerous passages of Buddhist Pal Pitakas and must therefore be as old as 6th century B.C. rather earlier. and
The Swaitamberas’ idea of exclusiveness appears to be one of recent growth. In fact, Jainism is a prehistoric religion propounded by the first Tirthankara Lord Aadi Nath. Upon all these grounds we think that the celebration of Paryushan Parva is a holy tradition coming down from the ancient past to the present times.
To sum up, Paryushan Parva is a grand Jain festival of self-introspection, self-enlightenment and self-achievement, which ultimately leads to the one and only one final goal, i.e., liberation or salvation.
Celebration of Paryushan Parva:
The ‘Paryushan Parva’ celebrated annually for self-purification and uplift is meant to adhere to the ten universal virtues in practical life; and leads us on the right path, far from the mad strife for material prosperity, which ultimately leads us to our true destination i.e., salvation. Two popular titles of this festival, viz. (i) Paryushan Parva and (ii) Dash Lakshan Parva are in vogue; but the mode of performance and aim of the festival is same. According to Sanskrit grammar the underlying idea of the festival and its interpretation is given below :
“Parismantadushayante dhante karmani yasimannasau paryushnm”
i.e., The celebration through which the karmic matter attached to the soul is totally burnt or vanquished (both internally and externally) is known Paryushan i.e., self-purification.
Various meaningful and sublime titles have been assigned to this festival in different Jain scripture; e.g.,
Parva Raj - The festival which carries a special and greater significance; its celebrations spread over a longer duration and it is more soul-stirring than any other Jain festival.
Maha Parva - It is an ancient and chief of all Jain festival.
Dash Lakshan Parva - The festival is the observance of ten universal virtues; viz., forgiveness, contentment, and celibacy, which aim at the uplift of the soul and are vividly preached and practiced during the festival.
Paryushan Parva - The festival through which an attempt is made to put an end to all vices, passions and lustful desires in thought, speech and deeds.
Paryu-Prasa - The festival in which one meditates upon the inherent virtues of the soul in thought, speech and action; or one attains peace of soul i.e., celestial peace.
Paryupshamn or Pajjusvana - The festival in which an attempt is made to obtain peace discarding all passions and lustful desires through various means; and observe harmony in the soul through the study of scriptures.
Pajjushana - This word of Prakrit language carries the same meaning as explained in Paryushan Parva.
Samvatsari Parva - The festival which is celebrated annually to subdue all passions and lustful desires. This title is popular to the Swaitamber sect of Jainism.
Significance:
Paryushan Parva gives expression to the perfectly purified trait of the soul, through which one gets rid of worldly discords and allurements and one gets fully absorbed in the eternal truth on experiencing and realizing the true nature of soul. In other words we can say that the natural realization of the trio ‘the True, the Good and the Beautiful’ is fully possible only through Paryushan. In fact the other name of the Jainism,
which is universal religion, is Paryushan. This festival puts an end to all evils in man; gives him realization of the eternal bliss, and spiritualism becomes alive by the celebration of this festival.
Pratikramana in Paryushan:
Pratikramana literally means “turning back” During Paryushan; the Jains are expected to reflect back on their past’s spiritual journey and faiths. The lost faiths are regained and established more firmly. As spiritual enlightment is connecting to One’s soul, it can also be referred to as a form of meditation. In Gigambara Jains Pratikramana is also sometimes referred as samayika.
Pratikramana includes:
* Samayika: to stay in equanimity by withdrawing to the self.
* Prayers to the Five Supremes, 24 Jinas and the 4 mangalas, including the Dharma as presented by the ancient Masters.
Paryushan
* Prayer to the Master (Guru) or the Deity.
* Reflections on vratas and past transgressions.
* Kayotsarga: detachment from the body by controlling it.
* Pratyakhyan: making resolutions for the next period (next year for Samvatsari Pratikramana).
For all the above elements there is also a fixed posture that is described.
As the main reason behind the restriction based Paryusahn lies in attaining Salvation and to purify ones’s Karma and deeds. Thus, on the last day of Paryushan called Samvatsari, many individuals ask for forgiveness, to the one’s they would have somehow hurted in the past and all the past quarrels, misunderstandings are sorted out to attain peace of mind and relief of soul.
Forgiveness:
As the Humans spend a very busy life which does not give them the time and space to perform charity or to sort out differences with fellow beings, these 8-10 days of purification help them to do so. The Festival thus takes one soul to upliftment.
Great Jain Acharya has said that:
“Kshama Viram Bhushanam, Kshamavani Michhami Dukkadam”
which means that to ask for forgiveness is the highest virtue for Human Beings and if anywhere in one’s life, one has caused hurt to anyone, this occasion should be utilized in asking forgiveness for it.
There are several great aphorisms (Sutras) to ask for forgiveness with the unity of the body, speech and mind, and one of them is as follows:
Khämemi Savve Jivä, Savve Jivä Khamantu Mi
Mitti Me Savva bhuesu, Veram majjham na Kenai.
Meaning: I forgive all the living beings of the universe, and may all the living-beings forgive me for my faults. I do not have any animosity towards anybody, and I have friendship for all living beings.
Fasting:
Two main ingredients to the 8-10 day long Paryusahan Parva are:
To reflect on one’s past deeds and to abstain oneself from sensory pleasures that restrict the true nature and purity of the soul. Both Digambara and Swetambar Jains observe the ritual of Paryushan, but for different duration of days. The Swetambar observe it for 8 days while the degambara for 10 days.
During these days one essential ingredient is Fasting. In Jainism Fasting is supposed to be a spiritual journey that connects oneself to the soul and scientifically purifies the body from all sorts of toxins. The fast is called “Dasha-Lakshana Vrata”, and spells though the entire 10 days of Paryushan.
Food restrictions:
During Paryushan, Jains follow the following restrictions on diet.
1. Drink boiled water.
2. Eat before sunset.
3. Refrain from root vegetables like Onion, Garlic, and Potatoes.
4. Abstain the intake of fermented (soured) food.
5. Don’t take even the green vegetables.
Paryushan
All the above mentioned items are supposed to contain far more amount of lives (atmas) than the simple grains. Thus, by restricting oneself from intake of these items, a Human Being commits less sin and reaches closer to salvation, the sole purpose of Paryushan.
Dash-Lakshana Parva:
While the Swetambar Jains celebrate paryusahn for a period of 8 days, The Degambar jains, celebrate it for a period of 10 days, thus, called Dash-Lakshan. The ten ingredients or components of which are: 1. Kshamaa (forgiveness) 2. Mardav (Humility), 3. Arjav (straightforwardness), 4. Shauch (content - absence of greed), 5. Satya (truth), 6. Samyam (restraint of all senses), 7. Tapa (austerities), 8. Tyaga (charity), 9. Akinchan (non-possessiveness) and 10. Brahmacharya (celibacy).
